{"id":1046,"date":"2022-04-12T16:06:22","date_gmt":"2022-04-12T13:06:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fiacoglobal.com.tr\/?p=1046"},"modified":"2022-04-12T17:19:08","modified_gmt":"2022-04-12T14:19:08","slug":"maliye-politikasi-nedir-ve-nasil-yurutulur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fiacoglobal.com.tr\/ar\/2022\/04\/12\/maliye-politikasi-nedir-ve-nasil-yurutulur\/","title":{"rendered":"MAL\u0130YE POL\u0130T\u0130KASI NED\u0130R VE NASIL Y\u00dcR\u00dcT\u00dcL\u00dcR?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Maliye Politikas\u0131 Nedir?<\/strong><\/h3>

\u00a0<\/p>

Maliye politikas\u0131, kamu kesimin iktisadi etkilerini, iktisat politikas\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda y\u00f6nlendirmek i\u00e7in kamu gelirlerinin, kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n, kamu hizmetlerinin miktar\u0131nda, bile\u015fiminde ve kamu te\u015febb\u00fcslerinin \u00fcretim ve sat\u0131\u015f politikalar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ayarlanmalar olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir.<\/p>

Maliye politikas\u0131nda at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlar her ne kadar kamusal nitelik ta\u015f\u0131sa da T\u00fcrkiye gibi kamusal b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00fcksek olan \u00fclkelerde \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fc etkileyece\u011fi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lamaz, hatta \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bu durum ink\u00e2r bile edilememektedir.<\/p>

Modern anlamda maliye politikas\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fu 90 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar uzanmakta olup, 1929-1930 depresyon (B\u00fcy\u00fck Buhran) y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n, modern anlamda maliye politikas\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir.<\/p>

1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131 J.M. Keynes, 1929-1930 ekonomik krizinin \u0130ngiltere\u2019de yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda maliye bilimine bamba\u015fka \u0131\u015f\u0131klar tutmu\u015f ve yeni bir \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Gerek Keynes ve gerekse onu izleyen Anglo-Sakson ve \u0130sve\u00e7 ekol\u00fcne mensup baz\u0131 teorisyenler; ekonomik politikaya y\u00f6n verilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, kamu harcamalar\u0131-kamu gelirleri, b\u00fct\u00e7e ve devlet bor\u00e7lanmas\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan yararlanma \u015fekilleri \u00fczerinde durmu\u015flard\u0131r. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, maliye politikas\u0131, kamu maliyesi i\u00e7inde \u00f6zel bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan ayr\u0131 bir disiplin haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>

Zaman\u0131m\u0131z devletlerinde kamu gelir ve giderleri, milli has\u0131lan\u0131n, zaman ve yerine g\u00f6re, %20-30 aras\u0131nda oranlara y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Bu bak\u0131mdan gerek kamu gelirleri gerek kamu giderleri, milli ekonominin dengesini etkileyebilecek d\u00fczeydedir. \u0130\u015fte Maliye Politikas\u0131 bu etkiler yoluyla ba\u015fl\u0131ca:<\/p>

  • Ekonomik dengenin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ekonomide meydana gelen dengesizliklerin giderilmesini sa\u011flamak,<\/li>
  • Ekonomik geli\u015fmeyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek ve gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek, imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak.<\/li><\/ul>

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>

    Maliye Politikas\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00f6ntemleri Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/h3>

    \u00a0<\/p>

    Maliye politikas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6ntemleri \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131r;<\/p>

    • \u0130radi (\u0130ste\u011fe Ba\u011fl\u0131) Maliye Politikas\u0131:<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>

      Bu yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re maliye politikas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi h\u00fck\u00fcmetin takdirine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Durgunluk gibi muhtemel istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerinde d\u00fczenleme yapma konusunda s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmettedir.<\/p>

      • Otomatik Dengeleyiciler (Otomatik Stabilizat\u00f6rler):<\/strong><\/span><\/li><\/ul>

        \u0130radi maliye politikas\u0131n\u0131n siyasi nitelik ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kimi durumlarda amac\u0131na ula\u015famamas\u0131 nedeni ile alternatif olarak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen bu sistemde iktisadi verilere g\u00f6re baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenler otomatik olarak devreye girer. Enflasyonun y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 vb. gibi\u2026<\/p>

        • Form\u00fcl Elastikiyeti: <\/strong><\/li><\/ul>

          \u0130radi maliye politikalar\u0131 ve otomatik stabilizat\u00f6rlerin yetersizlikleri sonucunda bu yetersizlikleri k\u0131smen gidermek i\u00e7in form\u00fcl elastikiyeti kavram\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00f6nteme g\u00f6re ekonomik g\u00f6stergelerde meydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fimler nispetinde daha \u00f6nceden yap\u0131lan bir yasal d\u00fczenleme ile farkl\u0131 bir mali i\u015flevde telafi edici ayarlamalar yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin enflasyon oran\u0131nda % 20\u2019lik bir art\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funda h\u00fck\u00fcmetin vergilerde % 20\u2019lik bir art\u0131\u015fa yetkili olmas\u0131 vb. gibi\u2026<\/p>

          Maliye Politikas\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcm\u00fc Nas\u0131l Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir? Ara\u00e7lar\u0131 Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/h3>

          \u00a0<\/p>

          Maliye politikas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcm\u00fc esnas\u0131nda i\u00e7inde bulunulan duruma g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 kavramla m\u00fccadele etmek ama\u00e7lan\u0131r. Bunlar; enflasyon, stagflasyon ve resesyondur. Her biri ile m\u00fccadele ayr\u0131 bir politikay\u0131 beraberinde getirir. Her kavramla m\u00fccadelede maliye politikas\u0131 ayr\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da incelenmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca bu politikalar\u0131n uygulanabilmesi i\u00e7inde ara\u00e7lara ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Maliye politikas\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131; vergiler, harcamalar ve bor\u00e7lanmalar olarak \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Her kavramda politika uygulamas\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; Enflasyona kar\u015f\u0131 maliye politikas\u0131 arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan vergiler, stagflasyona veya resesyona kar\u015f\u0131 uygulanan maliye politikas\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6sterebilir. Bunu belirlemek tamamen devletin elinde olan bir durumdur.<\/p>

          \u00a0<\/h3>

          Enflasyona Kar\u015f\u0131 Maliye Politikas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>

          \u00a0<\/p>

          Enflasyonla M\u00fccadelede Vergiler<\/strong><\/p>

          Vergiler enflasyona kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede bir \u00f6nlem arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131labilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin l\u00fcks t\u00fcketim mallara olan talebin y\u00fcksekli\u011fi nedeniyle olu\u015fan enflasyonist etki, l\u00fcks t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131n\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek oranda vergilendirilmesiyle engellenebilir. Bu sayede, olu\u015facak enflasyon y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn adaletli bi\u00e7imde telafisi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu verginin l\u00fcks t\u00fcketim mal\u0131n\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltmesi durumunda, t\u00fcketicilerin vergiden ka\u00e7\u0131nmak amac\u0131yla bu mal\u0131n yerine ikame edebilecekleri ba\u015fka bir mala y\u00f6nelmeleri, y\u00fcksek oranda vergilendirilmeyen ikame mallar aras\u0131ndaki kaynak ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndaki etkinlik ko\u015fullar\u0131, kendili\u011finden bozulmu\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>

          Enflasyonla M\u00fccadelede Bor\u00e7lanma<\/strong><\/p>

          Devletin, hangi vadeyle, kimden ve hangi oranlardaki faizlerle bor\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorular\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131tlar\u0131, fiyatlar genel d\u00fczeyindeki dalgalanmalar \u00fczerinde etki sahibidir. \u015e\u00f6yle ki; devletin k\u0131sa vade ile bor\u00e7lanmas\u0131 ilke olarak enflasyonun y\u00fckselmesine; kimi durumlarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck faizli d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanmayla b\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131p dolayl\u0131 olarak y\u00fcksek enflasyonu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesine yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>

          Stagflasyona Kar\u015f\u0131 Maliye Politikas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>

          Stagflasyon durgunluk anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cstagnation\u201d ile \u201cinflation\u201d (enflasyon) kelimelerinin birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir kelimedir ve enflasyonun h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu bir ekonomide ayn\u0131 anda durgunlu\u011fun da ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder.<\/p>

          Stagflasyonun ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebepleri olarak yap\u0131sal i\u015fsizlik, \u00fccretlerin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru esnek olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131, eksik rekabet ve petrol \u015foku gibi d\u0131\u015f ekonomik fakt\u00f6rler g\u00f6sterilebilir.<\/p>

          Stagflasyonla M\u00fccadelede Vergi<\/strong><\/p>

          Stagflasyona kar\u015f\u0131 vergi d\u00fczenlemeleri yap\u0131larak sorun giderilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131labilir. Vergisel d\u00fczenlemeler yoluyla stagflasyon \u00fczerinde etkili olmak ancak uzun d\u00f6nemde s\u00f6z konusu olabilir. Gelirler politikas\u0131, vergi temelli giderler politikas\u0131, indeksleme ve \u00fcretimin te\u015fviki ve toplam arz\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile de vergi ile stagflasyon da m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in uyulmas\u0131 gereken politikalardand\u0131r.<\/p>

          Stagflasyonla M\u00fccadelede Harcama<\/strong><\/p>

          Stagflasyonla m\u00fccadelede her \u015fartta i\u015fe yarayacak bir harcama politikas\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilemez. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde harcamalar\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 stagflasyonun iki aya\u011f\u0131ndan biri olan durgunlu\u011fu azalt\u0131c\u0131 bir tedbir olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen enflasyonu artt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir etki yarat\u0131r. Tersi durumda ise harcamalar\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 da durgunlu\u011fu artt\u0131r.<\/p>

          Stagflasyonla M\u00fccadelede Bor\u00e7lanma<\/strong><\/p>

          Bor\u00e7lanma politikas\u0131 para hacmi ile ilgili oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 para politikas\u0131 ile \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde uygulan\u0131r. Bor\u00e7lanma ile ilgili \u015funlar s\u00f6ylenebilir:<\/p>

          Devlet bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn mertebe az tutmak,<\/p>

          \u0130hracat\u0131 ve yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek,<\/p>

          \u00d6zellikle stagflasyonist e\u011filimlerin ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemlerde maliye politikas\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve para politikas\u0131 tedbirleriyle birlikte \u00fcretim, t\u00fcketim, yat\u0131r\u0131m ve d\u0131\u015f ticareti y\u00f6nlendirmek.<\/p>

          Resesyonla M\u00fccadelede Maliye Politikas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>

          Resesyon T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede \u201cdurgunluk\u201d olarak yer alan bir kavram olup ekonomi dilinde toplam talebin toplam arz\u0131 yakalayamamas\u0131 durumunu ifade eder.<\/p>

          Resesyonla M\u00fccadelede Vergi<\/strong><\/p>

          Resesyonla m\u00fccadelede vergi indirimi gibi tedbirler durgunlu\u011fun a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte, ta\u015f\u0131t al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki \u00d6TV indirimleri gibi indirimlerle bu politika y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devlet, vergi indirimi yolunda bir ad\u0131m atarken b\u00fct\u00e7enin gelirlerinin temelini olu\u015fturan gelirlerin \u2018vergiler\u2019 oldu\u011funu unutmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>

          Resesyonla M\u00fccadelede Harcamalar<\/strong><\/p>

          Devletin harcamalar\u0131 artt\u0131rarak durgunlu\u011fa \u00e7ara olabilmesi fikri uzun zamand\u0131r arkas\u0131nda durulan bir fikirdir. Nitekim 1929 bunal\u0131m\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda devletin kamusal harcamalar\u0131 artt\u0131rarak toplam talebi y\u00fckseltmesi, buhran\u0131n giderilmesinin ana etkeni olarak g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Devletin toplam talebi artt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6ndeki harcama politikas\u0131na telafi edici maliye politikas\u0131 denilmektedir. Cari ve yat\u0131r\u0131m harcamalar\u0131, transfer harcamalar\u0131 buna \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6sterilebilir.<\/p>

          Resesyonla M\u00fccadelede Bor\u00e7lanma<\/strong><\/p>

          Durgunluk d\u00f6neminde birikimlerin yat\u0131r\u0131mlara gitme oran\u0131n\u0131n durgunluk sebebiyle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 sonucu devlet daha rahat bor\u00e7lanabilir ve bu bor\u00e7lar\u0131 ekonomiyi h\u0131zland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla kamu harcamas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde kullanabilir. Keynesyen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f d\u00e2hilinde durgunluk d\u00f6nemlerinde kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00e7elerin a\u00e7\u0131k vermesinden korkulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunu yapmakta ama\u00e7; kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Durgunlukla m\u00fccadelede b\u00fct\u00e7e giderleri yoluyla g\u00fcd\u00fclen politikan\u0131n hedefi, ekonomideki istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00fc\u00e7lerini tersine \u00e7evirmek, geni\u015flik do\u011furan kuvvetleri beslemek ve b\u00f6ylece kalk\u0131nman\u0131n \u00f6zel harcamalarla da desteklenmesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.<\/p>

          G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere maliye politikalar\u0131, ekonomide olduk\u00e7a \u00f6neme sahip uygulamalard\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile maliye politikalar\u0131 ile piyasalara m\u00fcdahale edilirken, piyasada olu\u015fan istikrar ve dengeye de dikkat edilmesi gerekmektedir. Burada \u00f6nemli olan politika uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n, gerekli piyasalarda, d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve g\u00fcvenilir veriler elde ederek politikalar \u00fcretmesi ve uygulamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Maliye Politikas\u0131 Nedir? \u00a0 Maliye politikas\u0131, kamu kesimin iktisadi etkilerini, iktisat politikas\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda y\u00f6nlendirmek i\u00e7in kamu gelirlerinin, kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n, kamu hizmetlerinin miktar\u0131nda, bile\u015fiminde ve kamu te\u015febb\u00fcslerinin \u00fcretim ve sat\u0131\u015f politikalar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ayarlanmalar olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Maliye politikas\u0131nda at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlar her ne kadar kamusal nitelik ta\u015f\u0131sa…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1046","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fiaco-global"],"yoast_head":"\nMAL\u0130YE POL\u0130T\u0130KASI NED\u0130R VE NASIL Y\u00dcR\u00dcT\u00dcL\u00dcR? | Fiaco Global<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fiacoglobal.com.tr\/ar\/2022\/04\/12\/maliye-politikasi-nedir-ve-nasil-yurutulur\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"MAL\u0130YE POL\u0130T\u0130KASI NED\u0130R VE NASIL Y\u00dcR\u00dcT\u00dcL\u00dcR? | Fiaco Global\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Maliye Politikas\u0131 Nedir? \u00a0 Maliye politikas\u0131, kamu kesimin iktisadi etkilerini, iktisat politikas\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda y\u00f6nlendirmek i\u00e7in kamu gelirlerinin, kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n, kamu hizmetlerinin miktar\u0131nda, bile\u015fiminde ve kamu te\u015febb\u00fcslerinin \u00fcretim ve sat\u0131\u015f politikalar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ayarlanmalar olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. 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